How to Write a Master’s Thesis

Last week, I walked across the stage of Yale University’s Woolsey Hall to accept my master’s degree in Archaeological Studies. I completed the coursework for the degree decades ago, but during the year I took my classes Mrs. Kuhl became pregnant and our oldest son was born days after I handed in my last final exam.

The only thing left for me to earn the degree was to write and submit my master’s thesis. The plan was that I would write the thesis while taking care of our baby, then we would find childcare and I would go back to work full-time. Yet what was intended to be a six-month temporary measure stretched into a 20-year career as a stay-at-home dad, freelance writer, and author.

Finally, last fall, I approached Yale about the possibility of returning to finish the degree. I was astounded at how receptive they were. “It’s not a big deal,” said Dr. Richard Burger, the head of the Council on Archaeological Studies, about writing the master’s thesis. When I expressed some unease about completing it by the March deadline, he simply said, “You’re a writer, aren’t you? You have a leg up on everybody else.”

This set off a mad scramble to write and submit my master’s thesis before the end of March. Having never written a thesis before, I searched the internet for tips and advice, particularly for anthropology and archaeology theses. I was both disappointed and surprised. Different colleges have different expectations; for example, a number require theses two or three times longer than what Yale asked for. My googling discovered only a single testimony about the thesis-writing process, and the writer’s biggest takeaway was to add all images and photos to the document last. Good advice, although I wished for counsel that was a little more substantial.

Here then are some of my conclusions about writing a master’s thesis. They aren’t so much advice as they are experiences that I hope others can learn from. Take from them what you will.

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Short News, Inebrious Fourth Edition

Ritmeier's C.W. Bitters, c. 1906.
Ritmeier’s C.W. Bitters, c. 1906, on display at the Wisconsin Historical Museum, Madison, Wisconsin.

Bracing Tonics. A CRM excavation at the site of a former Manhattan beer garden unveiled a trove of 19th-century bitters bottles. Bitters — tonics that combined herbs and spices along with a hefty dose of alcohol — were used as digestives and medicines at the time, even by otherwise abstinent teetotalers. From the relief writing on the bottles (which today are highly collectible), the archaeologists were able to track down the original recipes, which they then recreated and shared. Also worth noting: in the comments, an author plugged this apothecary recipe book.

Flipping my Lid. Speaking of cocktail books, I recently downloaded food writer Corin Hirsch’s Forgotten Drinks of Colonial New England, which includes recipes I intend to inflict upon our guests this July Fourth. I’ve always wanted to try flip. I’ve had switchel before, but didn’t care for it.

Columbia Uber Ailes. And in not-so-alternate-history news, Fox News reached through a tear and stole the logo for BioShock Infinite.

Fugitive Slave Settlements Discovered

An amazing story of shoe-leather archaeology deep in the Great Dismal Swamp of Virginia and North Carolina:

Buried in the earth are what are believed to be remnants of one or more communities of escaped slaves, known as maroons, who built homes and carved out lives where their freedom depended on secrecy. Researchers now think settlements may have existed there on and off for hundreds of years; their occupants relying on the swamp’s forbidding conditions to give safe haven from those who wanted to return them to chains.

Historical archaeologist Dan Sayers spent years researching documents and talking to residents but his big break came when he reinvented his approach toward interviews:

Locals were stumped when he inquired about hills in the flat swampland.

His luck changed, Sayers said, when he figured out how to phrase the right questions.

In February 2004, he asked refuge forester Bryan Poovey about islands.

“He said, ‘Oh, yeah, I’ll take you out to one,’ ” Sayers said.

Very often, how you structure your questions determines the answers you’ll receive.

Pirate News

Analysis of ceramic remains from Barcadares, an 18th-century pirate camp in Belize, showed that more than 65 percent of it was delftware. Numerous pipes and few cups were found, suggesting popular images of buccaneers eating from decorated plates stolen off merchantmen, with a tobacco pipe in one hand and an open bottle in the other, aren’t that far from the truth.

North Carolina has officially confirmed the shipwreck near Beaufort is indeed Blackbeard’s Queen Anne’s Revenge — in part because the local maritime museum hopes to attract private funding to continue excavation and research.

Mammoth Art

While cleaning an old bone he found, an avocational fossil hunter made an incredible discovery:

Researchers from the Smithsonian Institution and the University of Florida have announced the discovery of a bone fragment, approximately 13,000 years old, in Florida with an incised image of a mammoth or mastodon. This engraving is the oldest and only known example of Ice Age art to depict a proboscidean (the order of animals with trunks) in the Americas. The team’s research is published online in the Journal of Archaeological Science.

The scientists are likely too cautious to make a definitive call without running DNA tests on it, but the carving is clearly that of a mammoth, not a mastodon, and a Columbian at that. Both animals had backs that sloped from shoulders to hips, but those of mammoths were much steeper; and unlike mastodons, mammoths had discernible necks, which you can also see in the image. Both Columbian mammoths and mastodons roamed ancient Florida.

Art is communication — and that long-gone artist has said “I saw this” across thirteen millennia or more. Amazing.

Photo credit Chip Clark at the Smithsonian Institution.